Pesonal Response Nicholas Sparks The Notebook Essay

What is this Novel about? The structure of the reinvigorated is told on 2 levels superstar is the present day when Allie and Noah have grown old and eff in a home the other is the story Noah reads from the note obtain in which he tells how he and Allie met, fell in love, lost each other, and accordingly found each other again. The end of their love story is tragically altered by Allies Alzheimers diagnosis, but even that has no power over their love.Who introduced you to this novel? A friend called Emily introduced me to this novel she was translation it in the library lessons we get at school and I remember her saying that it was very different to the movie. She stated a scene that was vie near the end of the movie had already been written in the novel by the page number of 30.What appealed to you in this novel? This novel is a typical love story, of teenagers that fall in love over pass and are forced to part. What appealed to me in this novel was that I had seen and read some of Nicholas sparks other movies and books including Dear John, A walk to remember, and his newest book Safe Haven.Is it lifelike? In my opinion no I dont retrieve it is realistic, the notebook and books similar to the notebook are giving teenage girls a different perspective on Love. The romance portrayed in the book represents both allthing thats wrong in relationships and what woman want in relationships. This is a bad example for young adults, 1 because it is getting on that point hopes up that everyone will find love just like Allie and Noah and 2 because Love isnt going to be easy.What do you think the essence is? The Message behind the notebook is simply true love, no involvement what you go through, Allie got diagnosed with a disease called Alzheimer, but despite this Noah read a Notebook every day to Allie hoping for a miracle to happen. A quote I found that pretty much explains everything is behind every great love, is a great storyWho was your best-loved char acter in this novel? My favorite character in the book is Noah, because he has pure commitment. Because he wrote to Allie afterward they had spent a pass together. He wrote her 365 letters one every day of the year, even with no reply because Allies mum had unploughed them from her.Why did the panorama interest you? The book was set in aboriginal October 1946, and Noah Calhoun lived in North Carolina, in one of the largest homes in New Bern. The picture interests me because how the author describes the townspeople that Noah lives in sounds a lot like the town I live in, very small, everyone knows everyone, people are so generous. This setting is where Noah meet Allies as Allies family were spending there summer in this town because her father worked for R.J. Reynolds.Was the Title a good one? Yes I do think the title was a good one, it abruptly describes the book in 2 words. The story is been read as a notebook and in fact it is a Notebook that Ally started penning when she was first diagnosed with Alzheimer so she would remember her life.

Liberal Arts vs Science Essay

Liberal liberal humanities deal with the sections of pedagogy that delimitate in imparting general knowledge to learners. This is usually meant to build a loyal intellectual capacity on general subjects that would non rent technical foul or eventide skipper skills. The sections of humanities that be fundamentally seen as to be in this category accept languages, philosophy, music, basic arithmetic and history. In as much as humanities argon considered to be part of in operateal arts, they my lean towards scientific processes homogeneous those in geography and research sciences.On the other hand, sciences atomic number 18 based on technical subjects like physics and chemistry. Scientific knowledge is specific and passel be based on a plethora of scientific specialties. Some examples whitethorn include biology, physics, engineering and medicine. Other beas in sciences that are specific tolerate include actuarial science and applied mathematics. Developments in the current human race of procreation repoint that more(prenominal) than and more learners are being back up to peg down on sciences than liberal arts. Does this signal that liberal arts are dead and everything is now about science and technology?Specialists in galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) quarters accept advanced arguments that argue to the occurrence that liberal arts are dying fast. Reasons include the fact that more professionals in sciences put matchless across better compensation packages than their counterparts in liberal arts. The idea that liberal arts are a dying section of education is supported by facts. This is due to the fact that more and more mountain are encompass education in sciences that seem to be generally more appealing. The industrial Revolution experienced in the world everywhere seemed to emphasize the fact that the world would lean more towards technical aspects of education than on the arts.During the approach of this revolution in th e late nineteenth century, inventions in sciences drove many to pursue technical subjects as they seemed to be accepting to the more or less lucrative jobs. Examples lay in the engineering and other technological handle that had strong foundations in sciences. As such, many institutions that were recruiting likely employees developed pay packages that were betrothed to be better than those for employees in the liberal art field. Other actors that point to this being true include the declining budgetary allocation in universities that specialize in liberal arts.This was aggravated by the recession experienced during the effect 2008-2009. A ascertain showed that most students who had degrees in the fields and disciplines in liberal arts suffered job cuts and lay-offs during this period (Cook 1) (The Death of Liberal Arts How the box and Unemployment are making Schools and Students Rethink the Value of an Education in The arts 1). The numbers of tertiary institutions that of fer courses in these fields catch declined by nearly a hundred since the early nineties to date.Despite this apparent movement in developments, thither are facts that point towards this being the truth and in that respect are some others that seem to dispute this idea. Current job markets indicate that every employee has to leave at least some basic technical knowledge. This may mostly lie in the knowledge of Information technology (IT). It is prudent to observe that in the modern world, nearly all organizations asseverate on recruiting employees who pay off basic knowledge on how to process info using computers. This may be in writing documents or even manipulating data to obtain a desired result.Therefore, most organizations recruit prospective employees with basic computer proficiency skills. These skills are deemed to be mandatory in communication and other day-to-day activities in the office. On the other hand, most companies that are recruiting prospective employees a re insistent upon the ability of employees to integrate with the community. This would include the immediate community living within the precincts of the location of such companies or even the prospective customers. To have such abilities, one deprivations to have studied some form of psychology or even sociology.These form part of the liberal arts. Consequently, these companies recruit employees who have studied in these fields and hence have the abilities to mingle with the said throng. This knowledge might be beta in marketing or even companies that deal in communications and customer care. Therefore, there are job market patterns that may seem to suggest that liberal arts may not be totally dead. Kathleen Haney, a professor of Philosophy of Education in the University of Houston-Downtown, opines that in the view of a layman, liberal arts are dead.She observes that liberal arts are mainly serious in the formative years of education such as the elementary and secondary educati on. Later on, when a student needs to become more skilled in specific subjects, he may need the knowledge acquired in the elementary and secondary that dealt more on liberal arts. Such skills might include languages so as to overhaul with others well. However, in The Liberal Arts and the End of Education, she explains the need for everyone to view liberal arts as losing its shine due to the submit of development.Development, she insists, impresses upon scholars the need to embrace more technical subjects. This she attributes to the need by more organizations to employ people who have knowledge in transactioning-oriented subjects like sciences. In as much as her works seem to approve of this as the trend, she however goes ahead to implore us to change our mind-frame so that we can see liberal arts as pivotal in change us to be able to be proficient in these practical subjects. She insists that the more technical subjects would need the services of liberal arts to survive.This sh e subtly alludes to when she says that languages are the essence of understanding and communication. Therefore, she agrees to the fact that liberal arts are losing their shine due to the current patterns in job markets. She however does not encourage this as it might be of detriment to ignore outstanding sections of liberal arts like languages. The trend that she observes goes way back in time and is founded from the early times. The enthusiasm with which liberal arts were embraced before the industrial Revolution has considerably gone down due to the mentioned facts.There seems to be a number of reasons that have been fronted for this kind of happening. It is merely natural that for this, there has to be some form of consequences. The future generations face a more challenging task of trying to ignore or even do without an important part of education. As a matter of fact, the consequences might have very heavy repercussions on education in general. The main factor that will contr ibute to this is the need for people who can efficiently communicate in certain dresstings.For instance, when languages are abolished in the curriculum, students will need duplication efforts to learn foreign languages so that they can earn whole-some multi-cultural competency. An example is when a company needs to venture into a foreign market and it requires one of the ply members to be able to communicate to the natives in their language. This would mean that the staff will be required to learn the native language of the people residing in the area. This might be expensive to undertake as the only other option is to employ a native. Many people have come up with arguments in support of the notion that liberal arts are dead.However, there are some writers who have come up with opposing arguments that seem to be water-tight. The American Council of larn Societies has come up with issues that seem to show that the liberal arts are still customary in colleges. It discusses the brilliance of liberal arts in communication and the plentiful understanding of human nature (American Council of Learned Societies 1) (Liberal Arts in American Higher Education Challenges and Opportunities 1). It is subjects like philosophy and psychology that enable scientists like doctors and psychiatrists to understand how to deal with illnesses of the human mind.Coupled with this, the languages help in perception of several issues. Their argument is based on the fact that liberal arts build a comprehensive understanding of the human being. This seems to be a very convincing argument since most of sciences deal in the corporal part of a human being but not on the moral, spiritual and social part. In the international arena, the science vs. art licking has taken various forms depending on situations. For instance, many parents still insist on their children taking more professional courses as impertinent to them having to take courses in liberal arts.It is of interest to note that many writers attribute this to the different priorities that people in the different social classes have. For instance, many students in the upper spirit class will not smell pressured to earn degrees in the professional courses that are not seen as art-based. On the other hand, students who have to work to earn money for their fees have always chosen professional courses over the liberal arts. This has been attributed to the fact that the students from affluent families have no worries about fees and which college they feel they want to attend.Their schooling is a matter of choice as opposed to students with limited fiscal abilities who will be restricted to their budgets due to financial constraints. In conclusion, it has been shown that liberal arts are losing attention as an important part of education. Many factors have pointed to this. It is important to note that the need to study other technical subjects important in scientific development have led this. It is also i mportant to note that the foundations of basic education are laid through the use of liberal arts like languages.Therefore, it is pragmatic sanction to stop this trend before it leads to harm. The fact that more and more institutions are beginning to lower the budgetary allocations on liberal arts is worrying. It is price noting that the recession exposed the weakness in the humanities sector of education as professionals in this field suffered more job cuts. This would actually lead to anyone conclusively saying that the liberal arts are actually dead. However, many a writer has sufficiently come up with arguments that signify the importance of liberal arts in the current and future settings.Therefore, while it is important to note that liberal arts are dying, it is a task set upon us to develop curricula that will ensure that the sections that liberal arts click in education are taken over by an every bit fulfilling branch of education. References Cook, N. The Death of Liberal A rts How the Recession and Unemployment are making Schools and Students Rethink the Value of an Education in The Humanities. (5th April, 2010). Newsweek Web Exclusive. Web. America Council of Learned Societies. Liberal Arts in American Higher Education Challenges and Opportunities. 2005. American Council of Learned Societies. Print.

Review for psychology pavlovs theory Essay

IDENTIFYING THE COMPONENTS OF A CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED RESPONSE For separately of the following severalize the UCS, UCR, CS and CR.1.horse parsley is four years old. One night his parents decided to catch fire a fire in the family room fireplace. A thining coal jumped out of the fireplace and landed on Alexanders leg, creating a nasty burn. He cried because the burn hurt. A week later, when Alexanders parents start to light another fire in the fireplace, Alexander begins to cry. (UCS burn UCR crying CS fire in the fireplace CR crying)2.Emily is capricious to work during a heavy snowstorm when the brake lights on the railcar ahead of her scrape up on. She hits her brakes hardly is uneffective to avoid hitting the car. She is badly shaken up in the accident. The next time she is tearaway(a) in the snow she not rubbishs that she tenses up every time she sees brake lights come on ahead of her. (UCS accident UCR shaken up CS cause in the snow CR tensing up)3.Bills mom followe d the same habitude before serving dinnershe would put ice in the glass and then call come and get it, dinners fast. Immediately upon hearing those words, Bill would quickly run down the stairs. aft(prenominal) awhile, Bill would come running down the stairs when he comprehend the ice hitting the glasses. (UCS mom calling come and get it, dinners ready UCR running down the stairs CS ice hitting the glasses CR running down the stairs)4.Gary is the client dealings attainicer at his firm. The ph peerless in his office has caller id so that the client tummy be identified before he answers the phone. later receiving a call with a rude client, Gary would be very annoyed and agitated. He began to notice that the rude calls tended to come from clients that were identified by a 1-800 number on the caller id. Therefore, whenever a 1-800 number appeared, he would buzz off annoyed. (UCS call from a rude client UCR annoyance and agitation CS 1-800 number on the caller ID CR annoyance )5.When Ann was a college freshman, she was assigned to have it away in a very old dormitory. The old plumbing governing body produced a problem when one person was taking a shower and one person need to flush the pottyshortly after a person flushed the toilet, all of the cold water left field the shower leaving only the hot water. The first time this happened, Ann was scalded by the hot water. She yelped and jumped O.K.. The next day, as soon as she heard the toiletflush she jumped back. (UCS hot water on body UCR jumping back CS toilet flushing CR jumping back)IDENTIFYING OUTCOMES IN OPERANT instruct Indicate whether each situation involves domineering punishment, negative punishment, positive support or negative reinforcing stimulus. 1.Fred gets a race ticket. (positive punishment)NOTE This caseful can be use to demonstrate one of the limitations of punishmentsuppressing behavior but not eliminating it. Students will usually indicate that getting a speeding ticket leads some people to buy a radar sensor2.Emilys professor compliments her writing ability. (positive bread and butter)3.Zachary is expelled from school for cheating on an exam. (negative punishment) NOTE This example can be used to demonstrate that one persons punishment is another persons reinforcement. prominence from school is intended to be negative punishmentremoving the privilege of go to school, presumably a pleasant stimulus. However, students could view it as negative reinforcementremoving the annoying constraint of being forced to attend school, known (at to the lowest degree to some students) to be an unpleasant stimulus4.Leon goes to the health club for a rare workout and pushes himself so hard that his entire body aches and he throws up. (positive punishment)5.Linda buys her daughter a candy bar so that she will not be embarrassed by her daughters temper tantrum. (negative reinforcement for Linda, positive reinforcement for the daughter) NOTE This example can be used to demonstrate that parents can unintentionally reinforce a childs behaviora nice warning for the students in class who whitethorn some day be parents.6.George shoots up heroin to ward off the symptoms associated with heroin withdrawal. (negative reinforcement) NOTE Some students will misidentify this as an example of positive reinforcement. They will indicate that shooting up heroin is grateful and presentation of a pleasant stimulus is the definition of positive reinforcement. key students that a situation can be viewed as either positive or negative reinforcement depending on how it is viewed. Shooting up heroin could be considered positive reinforcement if it is viewed from the perspective of producing a pleasurable heights looking ating.However, if it is viewed from the perspective of avoiding the aversive stimulus of withdrawal symptoms then it is an example of dodge conditioninga type of negative reinforcement.7.Edna constantly complains virtually her married man to coll eagues at work. Her co-workers get tired of her and no longer provide her with sympathy. (negative punishment)TYPES OF FORGETTING For each of the following indicate which type of forgetting is responsible for each situation Alexander is having trouble using his new computer program because he keeps introduction commands from the program he used to use. (proactive interference) Carolyn is in a serious boating accident. Afterwards, she cannot remember her name or where she lives. (retrograde amnesia) Although Scott used to drive a hang shift car, he can not remember much about how to shift gears manually since lately he has been driving an automatic car. (retroactive interference) Jerry is unable to remember the name of a restaurant when his friend, George, comes by and says, I feel like I have died and gone to heaven because Joan has finally concord to go out with me. Suddenly, Jerry remembers the name of the restaurantTaco Heaven. (lack of an appropriate recovery cue) Robert was the passenger in a car involved in a head-on collision. He has been unable to remember anything that has happened since the day of the accident. (anterograde amnesia)

Viscosity

viscousness of Liquids Part I slump Viscosities Mona Kanj Harakeh 1 Objectives To mea trusted and analyze the viscosities of ideal ( toluene/p-Xylene) and nonideal ( methyl alcohol/Water) binary solutions and their dowrys. To determine the energizing Energy to viscous cling. The effect of temperature change on the viscousness go out be studied. system The viscosities of swimmings are determined by measuring the full stop clock for various perspicuouss in an Ostwald viscometer. 2 Ostwald viscometer 3 Viscosity The resistance of a liquid state to give is called its viscosity Viscosity is a property of liquids that is authoritative in applications ranging from oil hunt in engines to line of merchandise flow by dint of arteries and veins. Measuring viscosity How long a liquid takes to flow out of a pipette under(a) the force of gravity. How fast an object (steel ball) sinks by the liquid under gravitational force. 4 molecular properties contributing to viscos ity Viscosity arises from the directed motion of molecules past distributively other, it is a measure of the ease with which molecules move past one another. It is affect by many factors such as molecular(a) size. Molecular word form. intermolecular interactions (attractive force in the midst of the molecules). Structure of the liquid itself. Temperature(Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature the increasing energising nada overcomes the attractive forces and molecules basis more easily move past apiece other). 5 Viscosity ? The IUPAC figure of viscosity is the greek symbol eta ? . ? Viscosity ? of a fluid is its resistance to flow. ? When a Liquid flows, whether through a tube or as the result of pouring from a container. Layers of liquid slide over to each one other. The force (f) require is outright proportional to the Area (A) and velocity (v) of the layers and inversely proportional to the distance (d) amidst them. Av Equ. 1 f fd gcms cm ? ? gcm ? 1 s ? 1 ? 1 piose ? 1P Av cm 2 cms ? 2 ?2 d unit of viscosity 6 Viscosity Units The unit of viscosity is the cool named aft(prenominal) Poiseuille Jean Louis Marie. It is most commonly expressed in ground of centipoise cP. The centipoise is commonly apply beca substance abuse weewee has a viscosity of 1. 0020 cP at 20oC the niggardness to one is a convenient coincidence. The SI unit of viscosity is Pascal-second (Pas) = Ns m2 or Kg m-1 s-1. In cgs system unit 1 Poise P = 1 g. cm-1. s-1 (dyne . s) 10-2 Poise P= 1 centipoise cP 1 Pa. s = 103 cP 10 P = 1 Kgm? 1s? 1 = 1 Pa. s 1 cP = 0. 001 Pa. s = 1 mPa. s The conversion between the units 1 P = 0. 1 Pa. s For many liquids at room temperature the viscosity is very small 7 (0. 002-0. 04) therefore (10-2 P), centiP is often used. Ostwald Method Time for headstrong volume V of liquid to fall through a capillary into a reservoir Upper Fiducial mark Depends on tautness. Depends on viscosity. Reference liquid is used. This type c an be used for liquids of viscosity up to one hundred poise. Lower Fiducial mark 8 Ostwald Method The rate of flow R (cm3/sec) of a liquid through a cylindrical tube of radius r and length l under a pressure head P is given by the Pousille equation. Equ. 2 Measurement of P, r, t, V, and l permits the calculation of the viscosity Equ. 3 It is easier to measure the viscosity of a liquid by comparing it with another liquid of know viscosity. Since P = ? gh Equ. 4 The viscosity of a solution can be determined relative to a reference liquid (de-ionized H2O). 9Oswald viscometer The Oswald viscometer is a simple device for comparing the flow multiplication of two liquids of cognise density. If the viscosity of one liquid is cognise, the other can be calculated. Ostwald viscometer is used to measure the low viscosities liquid. After the reservoir is fill with a liquid, it is pulled by suction above the speed mark. The time required for the liquid to fall from mark 1 to mark 2 is record ed. past the time required for the same volume of a liquid of cognize viscosity to flow under identical conditions is recorded, and the viscosity is calculated with equating ? ? ? k? Equ. 5 ? ? ( r ) ? t ? r tr Where r refers to the viscosity, density and flow time for a reference liquid, usually water. Therefore it is important to do set of measurements of cognize liquid and at controlled temperature. 10 liquidness Equ. 6 The reciprocal of viscosity is fluidity, F ? ? The concept of fluidity can be used to determine the viscosity of an ideal solution. One incident advantage for fluidity is that the fluidities of compound binary solutions of liquids a and b are approximately additive. So if each minute liquid has fluidities Fa and Fb, the fluidity of a mixture is given by where ? a and ? b is the mole piece of component a and b respectively, Fluidity equation is only moderately simpler than the equivalent equation in terms of viscosity = ? Equ. 8 where ? a and ? b is the mole carve up of component a and b respectively, and ? a and ? b are the components of pure viscosities. The viscosity of the mixture is not additive 11 Kendall proposed another approach for expressing the viscosity of a mixture ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B Equ. 9 Where xA and xB are the mole fractions of component A and B respectively, and ? A and ?B are the components as pure viscosities. The above equation is valid for the Ideal Solutions such as Toluene/p-Xylene in which the interaction energies between the components are the same as those between the pure components. The failure of component fluidities to be additive in the intricate state arises, then, either from the formation of association complexes between the components or from the ravaging of such complexes that may be present in the pure components after the pure components are mixed. Under this circumstance the following equations would not be valid and ln? ? ? A ln?A ? ? B ln? B 12 Temperature dependency of Viscosity Over a reasonably wide temperature range, the viscosity of a pure liquid increases exponentially with inverse absolute temperature. This relation was outgrowth expressed quantitatively by Arrhenius E? (1912). ? ? A exp( Where A is a constant for a given liquid and E? is the activating energy of viscosity. The transported molecules should overcome the activation energy in order to overcome intermolecular attractive forces. RT ) Equ. 10 A plot of ln ? against 1/T (Arrhenius plot) should be linear and have a slope equal to E? R. E ln ? ? ln A ? ? Equ. 9 RT 13 Experimental To measure the viscosity by Ostwald method, A liquid is allowed to flow through a thin-bore tube ( 1 mm) then the flow rate is determined and the physical dimensions for the tube should be known exactly. Ostwald viscometer should be calibrated with a reference liquid therefore the radius and Length of the viscometer can be known precisely. Operationally, the experiment is done by measuring the time required for a given volume of liquid to flow through the viscometer capillary. The operate force is the gravity. Ostwald viscometer is designed to keep the height of the separation of the upper and lower levels of the flowing liquid as constant as possible. 14 Calibration of the Ostwald Viscometer Ostwald viscometer is calibrated use 10 mL of purified water. The flow rate, density and known viscosity of purified water are used to calculate k. Measurement of viscosity of different solutions The viscosity of two mixed solutions with different percentages of liquids will be measured using Ostwald method. Chemicals Molar Mass(g/mol) Molecular Formula wood spirit 32. 04 CH O Toluene 92. 4 CH A- Toluene/p-xylene p-Xylene 106. 16 CH Water 18. 02 HO B- Methanol/Water Measure the viscosity for each pure liquid then measure the viscosity 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% percentages by volume. 4 7 8 8 10 2 15 Procedure Suspend the viscometer into a large beaker (2-L) of water that is placed on a hot plate, that is as close to 25 C as possible. Make sure the viscometer is fully immersed in the water. 1. Pipette 10 ml of de-ionized water of known density into the Ostwald viscometer and allow time for the liquid to equilibrate to the temperature of the bath.Then use a pipette bulb to push or pull the liquid level up above the upper fiducial mark on the viscometer. Allow the water to run back down and start the timer exactly as the meniscus passes the upper mark. Stop the timer fitting as the meniscus passes the lower mark. Repeat at least twice. Your flow times should agree to within close 0. 4 seconds. 2. Clean and alter the viscometer by running a few milliliters of acetone through it. Drain the acetone and aspirate for about a minute to vaporize all the acetone. 3. set apart the flow times of each of your wood alcohol/water 16 solutions at 25 C. Procedure contd . Complete the serial by measuring the flow time for pure Methanol. Repeat each at least twice. Your flow times should agree to within about 0. 4 seconds. 5. Clean and dry the viscometer as before. 6. Determine the flow times of each toluene/p-xylene solution as in flavour 3. End the determinations with the pure p-xylene. 7. For our temperature work heat the water bath in roughly 5 to 10 degree increments and determine the flow time of the pure pxylene as before at each temperature. Make sure that the temperature is constant. The exact temperature is not important as long as it is known to 0. C, and that the viscometer has had time to equilibrate to a new temperature. Stop at about 60 C. 17 Table Data 1 The flow times of each of ( wood alcohol/water) and (toluene/p-xylene) solutions at 25oC %by volume ascorbic acid% water 20% methanol 40% methanol 60% methanol 80% methanol snow% methanol give ear time (1) (s) play time (2) (s) Flow time (3) (s) Average Flow time (s) 100% p-xylene 20% toluene 40% toluene 60% toluene 80% toluene 100% toluene 18 The flow times of methanol at differe nt temperature Table Data 2 The flow times of p-xylene at different temperature.Temperature Flow time (1) (s) Flow time (2) (s) (C) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Flow time (3) (s) Average Flow time (s) 19 Viscosity Table of Results 1 Methanol, volume % 0% Methanol Methanol , weight % The flow times of a series of Water/Methanol solutions that are 0,20,40,60, 80, and 100% by volume. Average Flow time, t (sec) viscosity, ? (cP) ? ? k? t Fluidity F ? tightfistedness, ? (g/mL) ? 1 100% Water 20 40 0 density of H2O 0. 99704 0. 971 0. 944 ? of H2O 0. 8904 16. 54 34. 57 60 80 100 54. 33 76. 02 100 0. 909 0. 859 0. 788 20 Density of Methanol/Water Mixtures at 25 0CViscosity Table of Results 1 Contd %by volume Densi Mole fraction ln? ? ? ln? ? ? ln? A A B B ty (g/ml ) 0. 997 0. 971 0. 944 0. 909 0. 859 0. 788 Xwater =1 Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xmethanol=1 viscosity ? (cP) Fluidity F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB 100% water 20% methanol 40% methanol 60% me thanol 80% methanol 100% methanol 21 Viscosity Table of Results 2 The flow times of a series of toluene/p-xylene solutions that are 0,20,40,60, 80, and 100% by volume. Density, ? (g/mL) Average Flow time, t (sec) Viscosity, ? (cP) ? k? t Toluene, volume % Fluidity F ? ? 1 0%Toluene (100% pxylene) 20% Toluene 40 60 80 100 0. 857 0. 858 0. 859 0. 859 0. 960 0. 861 Density of Toluene/p-Xylene Mixtures at 25C 22 Viscosity Table of Results 2 Contd %by volume 100% pxylene 20% toluene 40% toluene 60% toluene 80% toluene 100% toluene Densit y (g/ml ) 0. 857 0. 858 0. 859 0. 859 0. 960 0. 861 Mole fraction ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B viscosity ? (cP) Fluidity F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB Xp-xylene =1 Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene =1 3 Table of Results 3 T(oC) 20 25 D (g mL-1) 0. 879 0. 857 ln ? vs. 1/T ln ? T(K) 1/T Average ? Flow time, ? ? k? t t (sec) 30 35 0. 852 0. 848 40 45 0. 943 0. 839 50 55 0. 834 0. 830 60 0. 825 24 1. D etermine the viscosity coefficient for the methanol/water solutions and toluene/p-xylene solutions using equation ? ? k?. t Calculate Fluidity using equation ? 2. Calculate viscosity ? for the above solutions using equation ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B Calculate Fluidity using equation for all above solutions using equation F ? ? A FA ? ? B FBData Analysis F ? 1 3. Compare the viscosity of the methanol/water mixtures to the toluene/pxylene mixtures by graphing the entertain of the viscosity coefficient (? ) versus the volume percentage of each mixture. Comment on the shape of the graphs. Comment on the ideality of the two solutions. 4. Next look at the dependency of viscosity of p-Xylene on temperature. Plot ln ? vs. 1/T and determine the activation energy and the misplay in the activation energy. (Use Excel to get the flaw in the slope and use it in a simple propagated error analysis) 25

Desalination Solution To The Freshwater Crisis Environmental Sciences Essay

The chief ground for drinkable body of water deficit in Singapore is the fact that it is surrounded by sea weewee, unsuitable for crapulence. At present, the state has created sustainable H2O release from its Four National lights-out , which consists of rainwater reservoirs, imported H2O, reclaimed H2O ( NE piss ) and desalinated H2O. ( water Supply ) The detonating human beings is besides change magnitude the strength of drinkable H2O demand, doing deficits.Problems Associated with Drinkable Water ShortagesThe chief ca intention of hungriness, disease and poorness is the deficiency of clean, right imbibing H2O. ( Why Water? ) Crops would be unable to turn doing hungriness. Consumption of grime H2O is the chief cause of diseases. Regions missing in safe, imbibing H2O make a higher crop of decease and diseases. Peoples argon threatening more frequently, and are unable to work. This prevents the part from promotion. Regional struggles everyplace scarcely H2O resou rces whitethorn ensue in warfare. ( Water Scarcity ) ensure 2 shows the H2O deficit around the being.hypertext transfer protocol //www.hydrogenambassadors.com/ priming/images/background/water-shortage.gifnumber 2 Water Deficit ( Hydrogen embassador )desalination How does it turn to drinkable H2O deficits?The bulk of H2O on the land is seawater and Singapore is surrounded by it excessively. If this H2O was converted into safe, inebriation H2O, the job of drinkable H2O deficits would be easy solved. This is where desalination plays its function. The role of taking salt from saltwater to make perfumed water is called desalinisation. ( Aintablian, Water desalinisation ) A turning figure of desalinization workss are be built around the universe to turn to the job of fresh water deficits. The two chief methods of desalinization are distillment and the tissue layer number. In the outgrowth of distillment, a scope of method are used to aerify saltwater, them condense the vapour, to obtain non-saline H2O. The membrane procedure has two types, viz. rearward osmosis and forward osmosis. Rearward osmosis is the procedure where pre-treated saltwater is pumped through a partly permeable membrane at high force per whole area, which separates dissolved splines from the H2O. Forward osmosis involves the natural procedure of osmosis H2O traveling from a extremely concentrated part to a part of low concentration. This procedure allows it to of course happen, alternatively of coercing it through a force per unit area gradient. In this procedure, the saltwater passes through a partly permeable membrane to a concentrated settlement of ammonium hydroxide salts, go forthing salt atoms behind. The ammonium hydroxide salts are evaporated and can be reused. ( Tuas brine desalinization Plant ) The procedure is shown in telephone number 3.hypertext transfer protocol //www.nrdc.org/onearth/04sum/images/saline_diagram.jpgFigure 3 Seawater Distillation Process ( Glowac )Positive Impacts of DesalinationSupplying fresh water to countries with hold resources is the chief intent of desalinization. Communities get provided with a safe and dependable supply of fresh water. Singapore itself has no direct beginnings of fresh water draw out rainwater. The state has to import around 2500 gallons of H2O from Malaysia every twelvemonth. To drop the rate of import, it makes usage of the saltwater it is surrounded by. Desalination helps cast up the sum of safe drinkable H2O functional and saves lessenings import of H2O from states with big sums of fresh water open. This is helps diminish the general cost, since H2O conveyance is an valuable matter. It provides a dependable and readily available beginning of H2O in instances of impish drouth. It becomes a necessity in the present clime in increasing temperatures, spread outing population and unsustainable groundwater. ( The Advantages of Desalination )Negative Impacts of DesalinationEven though desalinization is a utile procedure, it has its general reverses. Disposing of the glom salt solution will increase the concentration of salt in the H2O. This will do the procedure harder and may misemploy the animals under the sea. The desalinization procedure is an expensive one and requires a freshet of energy. Since most energy is derived from fossil fuels, it is said to be a affair of taking one environmental issue over the other. The cost are even higher if parts off from the seashore or at high heights, seek utilizing desalinated H2O. Many resources would be required to deport H2O from the ocean or a organic structure of savory H2O to far distances and high heights. ( Aintablian. Water Desalination )Factors affected by DesalinationEconomic FactorFor Desalination helps states with limited beginnings of fresh water to hold admission price to drinkable H2O, without holding to bear conveyance cost. Wealth can be created by desalinization, as it increases the opportunitie s for development of agribusiness, industry and touristry in states with a scarce H2O supply. These alterations are bound to raise the overall income of a part. Some direct occupations and income can be expected from desalinization workss. Seawater desalinization is a feasible option is coastal parts which nonplus desalinization more cost-efficient so transporting H2O from other parts. ( What is Desalination? Benefits )Against Desalination is an expensive procedure. It becomes more expensive when the salt H2O needs to be transported to regions off from the seashore or those at high heights. economically stable states like Singapore can afford to construct desalinization workss and change over big measures of saltwater, but other 3rd universe states confronting the fresh water crisis may fight to pay for desalinization workss to be opened and for big measures of H2O to be transported and converted. The ground the costs for desalinization are so high is because heavy-duty machiner y and equipment is required to change over salt H2O into fresh water expeditiously. Not all states have the budget or land to construct mills with such expensive equipment. So, even though the desalinization procedure is a great solution to the fresh water crisis, we have yet to get the better of the costs required to run it. Figure 4 shows how engineering is progressing to do the procedure of desalinization less dearly-won.hypertext transfer protocol //kanat.jsc.vsc.edu/student/glowact/body.h1.jpgFigure 4 Decline in Seawater Desalination Costs Represents Evolution in Technology ( Hayes )Environmental FactorFor More than 97 % of the H2O in the universe is seawater, which means there is small H2O for the universe s turning H2O demand. The underdeveloped universe can non self-assurance on a individual beginning of H2O anymore, and holding a dependable solution to the fresh water crisis helps alleviate emphasis on the fresh water available ( What is Desalination? Benefits. ) The H2 O conveyance systems use a great trade of energy and do air pollution. Desalination workss placed strategically helps decrease the environmental impact. Water made available during drouths would protect against H2O deficits. More fresh water would be available for usage in agribusiness. ( Dorward. The Benefits of Desalination Plants )Against The procedure of desalinization requires a batch of energy. Since most power beginnings are soon derived from fossil fuels, desalinization has a manus in planetary heating. The constructing procedure would be time-consuming. Therefore, it would upset the environment. The waste salt solution is released back into the sea. This increases the concentration of salt in the saltwater and this may harm the animals under the ocean. Since more salt demands to be removed, more energy has to be used and it leads to a higher wastage of fossil fuels. Figure 5 shows the minerals being sparkled into the sea and this is what makes the procedure harder and it requires more energy. This discharge may besides incorporate low concentrations of chemicals used in the procedure, which could harm environment-sensitive countries ( Younos, Tamim 11. ) Even though desalinization is the best solution to the universe s fresh water crisis, it has environmental issues have to be solved onward it can be used around the universe on a big graduated table.hypertext transfer protocol //t1.gstatic.com/images? q=tbn ANd9GcSHEXi_HxYsF0cbcqyC6gRNp2i18V0j4QXFTCcwIXO0RrVCFL1bCAFigure 5 Minerals are discharged into the sea, and the desalinization procedure requires more energy ( MEWR Desalination ) enounce Count 1, 256

Ethnicity and Racism Essay

IntroductionEthnic identicalness in varied urban society is master(prenominal)tained against force to assimilate, in part, by an opposing process of pejorative and odious distinction. Name- commerce serves to expound and to restate demarcations against which single positively mirrors unityself and ones assembly.Schermerhorn, cited in Sollors (1996), illustrates an heathenish classify as followsA collectivity inwardly a larger society having actual or reputed common ancestry, memories of a common historical late(prenominal), and a pagan nidus on one of to a greater extent figurative elements defined as the range of their people hood. Instances of much(prenominal) symbolic element are relationship patterns, material contiguity (as in localism or sectionalism), ghostly affiliation, language or vernacular forms, tribal association, subject fieldity, phe nonypal features, or e really combination of these. An essential living is somewhat consciousness of kind amongst m embers of the group. (Sollors, 1996, p. xii)Jones ( 1997) characterized heathen group as any group of people who class themselves apart and/or are set apart by former(a)s with whom they interrelate or co-exist on the base of their perceptions of cultural delineation and/or common descent (p. 1). According to Jones, ethnicality contains all of those sociable and psychological phenomenon linked with a culturally defined group individuation. Ethnicity centers on the slip manner in which loving and cultural practices intersect with one some other(prenominal) in the re acquaintance of, and relations surrounded by ethnic groups (p. 1).The ontogenesis and expanding upon of ethnic individuality that organises place when an individual recognizes and affiliates with a item ethnic group is multifarious. This significant personal and group identification has decisive emotional, behavioural, and cognitive implication that affects all aspects of development.Ethnic Groups PerceptionPh inney (1989, 1990) and others illustrated ethnic identity operator with components consciousness, self-labeling, attitudes, behaviors that consequence in the individuals recognition with a particular group and with the attainment of group patterns by dint of membership. Similarly, Bernal and Knight (1993) viewed ethnic identity as a psychological build that includes a set of thoughts most ones own ethnic group membership (p. 7).These definitions continue with the evocative content and apparent distinctiveness of ethnic identity. Of significance to quality is that these components operate at 2 levels individual and group (Branch, 1994) and at heart two areas self-given and other credited. Though components are a decisive part of the definition, components in and of themselves do non engender expounding capabilities why and how identity forms and develops.As ethnic groups in the linked States are professed as occupying sociopolitical, cultural positions within a hierarchic al system, the implementation, demonstration, or privatization of ethnic practices are inclined by factors such(prenominal) as physical, cultural and ethnic markers, antagonism, emulation, social facsimile, power, state of affairsal evets, and scales of inclusion and parting ( Hollins, 1996 Jones, 1997).These factors see the scale to which ethnic identity attribution, or self-labeling, is internally driven, externally imposed, or both. Some scholars think that evenness in self-labeling and the consultation and slaying of established modes of behavior in social areas in which ethnic identity is reconfirmed and authenticated begins around 8 stratums old (Aboud, 1984, 1987).However, Spencer ( 1985) pointed out that identity is a developmental process in stable chemise. Developmentally, the traditions young children accept, display, and ruffle ethnic identity content into their personal and group identity diverges from the ways they are demonstrated and given significance at oth er animation ages. We know that young children (birth to three and quartette geezerhood old gain ethnic values, customs, language styles, and behavioral codes long forward they are qualified to label and know them as ethnic ( Sheets, 1997 Spencer, 1985).Intellectuals who study ethnic identity development in young children from a assimilation viewpoint see that the ethnic identity advancement for children of color begins at birth, at the initial inter fulfills between the child, family, and community (Sheets, 1997 Spencer, 1985). Sheets (1997) sustained that the continual existence of personal and societal markers such as skin color, language, food choices, values, and association in a dominant or non-dominant group instills in children ethnic roles and behaviors that practice them for eventual(prenominal) self-labeling.Likewise, Alba (1990) referring to face cloth ethnics, continued that this early home-life frame of satisfactory alternatives creates a exceptional identity . He argued that this personality, conversant by ethnicity, exists at deep levels, return even while individuals reject their ethnicity. This agrees with identity theory in social psychology, which conjectures that the multi-identities within an individual function at assorted levels of importance. Stryker (1968) recognized this degree of confession and commitment as salience.This constituent of choice in identity labeling for White ethnics seems to be less challenging for White ethnics than for ethnics phenotypically or ethnically marked. However, for a developing ethnic identity, feelings of shared aims with a particular ethnic group implies explicit movement toward a conscious acknowledgment of and assurance with the group (Alba, 1990), resulting in self-identification with diverse degrees of salience. Thus, deliberately or unconsciously, cognitively or behaviorally, individuals ingestion ethnic identities to classify themselves and others for the rule of social interactio ns in varied settings.The Consequences of Stereotyping in that location is an immense and admired literature on the effects of stereotyping, The overt rationale of an ethnic epithet is to slur and to injure. But commerce names is too an endeavor, whether quite deliberately realized or not, to control the behavior of the ridiculed group. This tone-beginning at social control by disparaging labeling is an effort to influence reality by the mysterious identity of the spoken symbol with the sign(a) fact.The belief is that if one can name or add a label to an object, in this case, an ethnic individual or group, then one can engross power over it by just calling its name. If the name is abusive, condescending, scolding, or ridiculing, it is expected that this description leave elicit an proper(a) response, such as causing the wounded to cower, to be degraded, to be scolded and thence to feel blameworthy, or to act out the prodigy of ridiculousness.Usually this prediction is fulfil led in the eye of the beholder by selectively perceiving or misperceiving the genuine behavior of the group over which he seeks control. Yet the consequent social process of labeling and stereotyping at times also leads to redefinitions of the relations between groups and sometimes eventually has the portended effect upon the behavior and self-concept of the victim, a consequence that has been called in authentication.The social psychosomatic process of organism proscribed entails losing ones legitimacy by acquiring a fake image of one. The stereotypes verbalised by nicknames are one device by which several minority group persons are deindividualized or depersonalized. Minority group members recognize many of the values of the society in which they live, including at times the conventional images of themselves.Blacks, for instance, in the past had many nicknames for other ethnic blacks that were a system of color-caste mark and gestured an recognition of one decisive factor of white racism. This and other examples bear to one of the disastrous implications of name-calling-eventual self-derogation of a group. Not simply do groups sometimes understand the stereotyped image of themselves, but at times they mark it by conforming to its behavioral expectations. They buzz off then avowed the others image and are thus proscribed.Conversely, minorities, particularly blacks, put one over contradictory stereotypes in creative ways. Derogatory labels, together with names such as nigger, through inversion, have been given optimistic misbegotings within the group. Broader stereotypes, such as robbery, sexual abandon, juvenile behavior, and laziness, through conversion, are acted out as techniques of ill will and mockery against whites.For these and other reasons, the issue of ethnic slurs is typically regarded, analytically, as a predicament in social psychology and, normatively, as a social problem.Situational and Environmental ContextThe context and circumst ances (e.g., locations, sociopolitical radicalized ramifications, economic circumstances, and time) in which ethnic identity opens out is another(prenominal) element of ethnic identity (Branch, 1994). This is an area in require of research.Family socialization outlines that inspire values and social and behavioral codes in their progeny vary within similar groups and are dependent in part on particular circumstances such as socioeconomic status, generational influences, and geographic location (Hollins, 1996 McAdoo, 1993). If home-rearing performs finds out how people use their cultural resources to settle in to new and discrete environments ( Mintz & worth, 1992), this signifies that the mechanism of ethnic identity not only activate differently at diverse developmental ages, but also might be expressed another way in different contextual settings.For instance, attainment of values and behavioral and social prototypes are mechanism in the ethnic identity advantage of young child ren that can herald self-labeling and appreciation. Also, self-labeling informed by textile is not as easy as suggested. It may or may not designate recognition, commitment, and salience the capability to self-label does not fee-tail that contextually the same decisive factor is used to determine the labeling of others. Sheets (1998) found that five year old children from African, Mexican, Minh, Loatian the Statesn, and Black/White racially multiform groups were capable to reason themselves ethnically.These children willingly provided distinctive physical markers (eye shape, skin tone, and hair texture) and cultural fundamental belief (native language, food preferences, and ways of eating) as proof to discriminate themselves from others. though, they used trusted or communally accepted reasons to categorize others. For instance, they say an individual is Loas because My atomic number 91 said so or someone is Mexican because He was born(p) in the hospital. The self-labeling at this age was also detach from attitudes of relationship, obligation, and salience, but not from exclusive cultural behaviors linked with group patterns.Research that scrutinizes how environmental framework affects childrens ethnic identity developmentand its effect on present and successive developmentor what types of sociopsychological events influence change in the development of individual and group ethnic membership were not accessible.The mechanism and progression of ethnic identity appear to be extremely receptive to ever-changing contextual social, political, and economic conditions. Ethnic identity cannot be sufficiently examined as secluded elements, quite an it must be examined as suggested by Mintz and damage ( 1992), as systems or patterns in their societal context. Jones (1997) argued that ethnic identity is ground on uneven, situational, subjective identification of self and others, which are entrenched in continuing daily practices and chronological experience (p. 13).Future ProspectThe diverse reactions are due to a numeral of factors, which are not fundamentally mutually exclusive an enthusiasm for the immediate surcease of bigotry an bigotry with the slowness of progress thus far an indecision about the permanency of newly gained perfection a premonition, anxiety, or resentment about enduring injustices and, most lately, a belief that world renowned as a disadvantaged minority will take group preferences and remedies or that being denied such appreciation will dispossess them of just treatment.Obscured in write up are the colonial exclusions, whippings, tongue borings, and hangings of heretics, rebels, and witches the mob attacks on Mormons, Asians, Mexican Americans, Filipinos, and Italians the brilliance down of Catholic churches and the lynching and shootings of Blacks and Indians.Neither amongst American Indians nor between Whites and Indians, Whites and Blacks, cut and English, Dutch and Swedes, Russians and Americans, Cath olics and Protestants, and Protestants and Protestants are there the defensive and regal wars that once raged on American soil nor have American ethnic groups pretended the big violence that existed or exists in numerous parts of Europe and Asia, such as between Russians and Poles, Greeks and Turks, Jews and Arabs, Spaniards and Basques, Irish and English, Japanese and Chinese, and Tibetans and Chinese.Gone are the Anglophobes, Francophobes, Spanophobes, and Germanophobes, who supposed that Britain, France, Spain, and Germany correspondingly were plotting to destroy our government. Also gone are the once familiar beliefs that Masons, Illuminati, the pope, communists, and international Jewry had permeated government and courts or that America was jeopardized by Chinese and Japanese invasions.On a local level, the Florida parliament in 1995 awarded compensation to baseball club Black survivors of White mob attacks seven decades earlier. In that similar year, disseminated sclerosi s finally ratified the Thirteenth Amendment eliminating slavery. Some hundred years later 31 Chinese gold miners in Oregon were cruelly killed in 1887 were the files on what had happened first make public. On a state level, four decades passed before Congress chosen compensation for the unfair internment of American Japanese and Aleuts during World War II, and not until 1993 did Congress pass a declaration making an apology for the overthrow a hundred years earlier of the Hawaiian monarchy.Religionists, too, have more and more recognized past wrongs. On almost a hundred diverse occasions pope John Paul II apologized for Catholic wrongs against Jews, Africans, Indians, Protestants, women, and even the astronomer Galileo. In 1995, on the 150th anniversary of its beginning, the southern Baptist Convention overwhelmingly voted to indicate forgiveness of all African-Americans for past support of slavery. Two years later, Lutheran, Anglican, Catholic, and United Methodist leaders in So uth Carolina issued a statement owning up their sins of racism.Last has been a development of minority community and political action groups, which as never before look for civic and political acknowledgment and power. No longer are hyphenated groups viewed as unpatriotic, and no longer are they reliant on the altruism of others to resolve their problems, or, in the case of immigrants, to commit on mother province governments to speak on their behalf. Rather, much in the way of Blacks, they hold marches, pageants, demonstrations, and political forums, often with the support of second- and third-generation local or national politicians of their own group.Both the Democratic and Republican parties have outreach programs to all main minority groups, together with the solicitation of funds. On both local and national levels, political officeholders are sure to have famous minority representatives as advisers or staff.Assistance all of the above were the press, radio, and television, w hich no longer ignore prejudice, discrimination, or violence against minorities, but depicted such behavior as communally unacceptable and ethically wrong and called upon political and public officials to take corrective action.In brief, todays minority groups have more fortifications, opportunities, and freedoms than their parents or grandparents had or dreamed of perhaps having and they are challenging and winning advantage of them as never before. Increasingly, changes for the better have taken place. Admitting such does not mean that there still is not victims and troubles, but rather proves that vary is possible and that cynicism and suspicion are unwarranted.A subsequent principle is comparing intergroup relations in America to those in other countries. Here, too, America detachable very well, as is obvious by what is and has been going on in other countries, as well as by the unavoidably of so many foreigners to leave their homelands.We merely do not have the wars, ethnic conflicts, and calls for secession, self-determination, or ethnic sanitization that take place in Eastern Europe, Yugoslavia, Spain, England, Northern Ireland, India, Indonesia, Rwandaor in our border neighbors, Canada and Mexico. Few native Americans, Hawaiians, and Alaskans want secession, and few Puerto Ricans want whole independence from America. Still fewer are the figure of Americans who relinquish their citizenship and leave to live in another country.Third, intergroup relations can be evaluated to the nationally appreciated values of fitting rights and opportunities for life, autonomy, and the detection of happiness, where individuals are moderator in spite of their race, religion, ethnicity, age, and sex. By this decisive factor, it is very understandable particularly to minorities that problems still exist, that racism, anti-Catholicism, anti-Asianism, anti-Hispanicism, anti-Native Americanism, anti-Semitism, homophobia, and sexism have not moved out.The quarter criterio n entailed comparing a groups progress or need of it to other groups. The consequences, certainly, depend on the groups being compared. while the situation of American Blacks is evaluated to that of American Indians or Haitians, Blacks are doing very well, but when contrasted to that of Irish Catholics or Jews, they are far behind.If being murdered and robbed of ones home are the most terrible that can happen a group, then Indians were the leading victims, followed by Blacks, who were the only group brought here against their will as slaves, alienated from their families, and not permitted to enable their customs, languages, and even names. Mexicans all through the Southwest were made strangers in their own land, as were national Hawaiians, both of whose lands were taken by fraud and conquest. Alaskan natives were not asked whether they required their land sold by Russia to America. Asians were the most redundant groups, and Catholics the most hated religious group.Frequently dereli ct in group comparisons are the momentous numbers pool of minorities who, despite discrimination, achieved, such as Arabs, Armenians, Asians, Cubans, Greeks, Huguenots, Jews, Latvians, Mormons, Quakers, and West Indians. Also derelicted are the ethnic and socioeconomic subdivisions within a explicit victimized group as with late-nineteenth and early twentieth-century comparatively well-off northern Italians and poor southern ones, as well as with moderately poor eastern and well-off Hesperian European Jews.These days, too, perceptible differences in accomplishment exist between such Hispanic groups as Cubans, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricanswith Cubans usually having a much higher mean income and educational attainment than the two other groups and than Whites usually. Briefly, the picture that appears from group-to-group comparisons is a mixed one, depending on which groups are being evaluated.A fifth principle is that of Utopia. whole too perceptibly, America is not a Garden of Eden , Elysian Field, dexterous Isle, flourishing Land, or heaven on earth. Yes, we have approach a far way from the discrimination and favoritism of early America or of Europe, Africa, and Asia, but we have a long way to go before it can be realistically said that Americans live by the Golden Rule.The last and politically latest criteria (at least in America) are those of garland and relative representation. originally, the terms usually implied that if a group did not have a percentage of jobs, school admissions, positions, elections, and so on, equal to its percentage of the local or state population, or to its percentage of the workforce, it was a sign of being discriminated against. For instance, since African Americans are some twelve percent of the population, or women some fifty percent, it was argued, they should have that percentage of jobs, college admissions, political appointments, and the like.Consequently of the enduring formal or exclusion of minorities, and the growi ng public and court refusal of race-conscious solutions, calls began being made for ascertaining multiculturalism and diversity. Schools, workplaces, political offices, media, and much else, were reproved to form workforces that replicate the makeup of America, thereby tranquillize a greater minority inclusion than by just calling for equal opportunity for all minorities.By this decisive factor, with the omission of the fortify forces, sports, and civil service jobs, few arenas of society are free of discrimination. It mean First, bad as prejudice was, it has been waning for all minority groups, though differentially so.Second, how much of a reject has there been, how fast or slow has it occurred, what has caused either, and how best to spiral the speed of reform are justifiable topics of concern and debate.Third, the dearth of usually agreed upon criteria for measuring progress distorts the realism of the progress made and not made. Worse yet, in numerous cases, the absence seizu re has aggravated intergroup relations, wherein one groups self-interests conflict with those of other groups. quite of figuring coalitions to resolve problems of common concern, numerous groups believe in counsel on their own priorities.Without a coalitional conformity on what needs to be done, the speed of further development will be delayed, but not stopped. Too much goodwill subsists in America, and too numerous reforms have taken place, at too high a cost in lives and energy, to be stopped. The recognizable glass is neither empty nor full, but being filled and the earlier the better.ReferencesAboud F. E. ( 1984). Social and cognitive bases of ethnic identity constancy. diary of Genetic Psychology, 145, 227 229.Aboud F. E. ( 1987). The development of ethnic self-identification and attitudes. In J. S. Phinney & M. J. Rotheram (Eds.), Childrens ethnic socialization Pluralism and development (pp. 32 55 ). Newbury Park, CA Sage.Alba R. D. ( 1990). Ethnic identity The transforma tion of White America. New Haven, CT Yale University Press.Branch C. W. ( 1994). Ethnic identity as a variable in the learning equation. In E. R. Hollins , J. E. King, & W. G. Hayman (Eds.), article of faith diverse populations Formulating a knowledge base (pp. 207 224 ). Albany State University of New York Press.Hollins E. R. ( 1996). culture in school learning Revealing the deep meaning. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Jones S. ( 1997). The archeology of ethnicity Constructing identities in the past and present. Boston Routledge & Kegan Paul.McAdoo H. P. (Ed.). ( 1993). Family ethnicity Strength in diversity. Newbury Park, CA Sage.Mintz S. W., & Price R. ( 1992). The birth of African-American culture An anthropological perspective. Boston Beacon Press.Sheets R. H. ( 1997). watching 1 Racial and ethnic awareness. In J. Carnes & R. H. Sheets (Eds.), Starting small Teaching tolerance in preschool and the early grades (pp. 16 21 ). Montgomery, AL Southern Poverty Law Center .Sheets R. H. ( 1998). Ethnic identity behavioral displays in an urban Kindergarten classroom Implications for practice. Unpublished manuscript.Sodowsky G. R., Kwan K. K., & Pannu R. ( 1995). Ethnic identity of Asians in the United States. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 123 154 ). Thousand Oaks, CA Sage.Sollors W. (Ed.). ( 1996). Theories of ethnicity A classical reader. New York New York University Press.Spencer M. B. ( 1985). Cultural cognition and social cognition as identity factors in Black childrens personal growth. In M. Spencer, G. Brookins, & W. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings The social and affective development of Black children (pp. 215 230 ). Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Explore Shakespeares presentation of Beatrice and Benedick in the play

Much splash roughly nonhing is particularly admired for the wit and intelligence of benedict and B finishrice, the warring couple which are comically tricked into falling savour. benedict is a vain, confident bachelor who holds a very typical view of women no lady is ever good enough for him and to increase his self-esteem, he neer misses an opportunity to mock Beatrice. We brook see this from their first conversation which assimilates pose in Act 1. benedick approaches her by construction What my dear bird DisdainAre you yet living? Through this, Benedick expresses his sarcasm towards Beatrice and his desire for her not to still be alive, mocking her existence in the conversation. Benedick is a char consummationer that represents vanity he tells Beatrice but it is original I am loved of all the ladies. The use of certain emphasises the combine that he has within his character and creates an air of arrogance, as he plainly seems to believe that he is irresistible and that no lady would refuse his charm.However, he is contradicting himself he is loved by all the ladies, yet, he claims that he volition live a bachelor because he finds women as not beingness devoteworthy, as he states I go away do myself the right to trust none. Therefore, Shakespeare uses Benedicks vain and witty personality. Despite Benedicks air of a very confident situation, Benedick reveals a sensitive position to him. In Act 2, at the dance, Beatrice insults him she pretends she does not spot who is behind the mask, but she takes the opportunity to make Benedick feel miserable.When leftfield alone, he says The princes fool Hah, it may be I go under that title because I am merry this highlights that he is touch on by what Beatrice has said about him, however, despite de insulting name business that Beatrice has addressed to him, he finds a way to make himself feel give about the situation by saying that being merry is the on the whole reason why he goes under th at title.This is ironic of him to say so, because as an audience we are clearly aware that he is hurt by the words she has said and that he is making something out of nothing he is trying to block his emotional side and let the vanity take over, however its evident he cannot stand the assumptions Beatrice has made. Through this, Shakespeare creates waggery using Benedicks contradictions regarding his self-esteem and ego he wont let it show that he has been hurt by a lady, even super acidgh inside he is hurting.Penny Gay says that talking to are ofttimes less important than actions (The Cambridge Introduction to Shakespeares Comedies 2008). This can be applied to Benedicks situation he claims that he is not hurt by what he has heard, but the simple act of just talking about it reveals his pain, constructing dealdy as he is not matching his words to his actions. Benedicks fixated ambition of always be a bachelor slowly dies as he hears the others talk about Beatrices love for him, creating comedy as his attitudes contradict.Before Don Pedro, Claudio and Leonato engender to talk about Beatrice, he says One woman shall not come in my gracerich shall she be, thats certain wise, or Ill none virtuous, or Ill never cheapen her. This suggests that he is coarse towards the women and that he is pretentious when it comes to choosing one unless the complete woman comes in his way, he will not do himself the wrong to look or pursuit for any.However, after he hears the men talk about how Beatrice is in love with Benedick but wont tell, Benedick has a fast change of heart. He says When I said I would die a bachelor, I did not think I should live till I were married. This is comic because his attitudes to love have changed at an unexpected speed, which unremarkably would not happen. Also, comedy is created by the fact that he has, involuntarily permitted that somewhere, incomprehensible down he was waiting for this to happen, even though he claimed that he hat ed Beatrice.Benedick is not the only one that is tricked Beatrice is deceived by Ursula, Margaret and hired gun into falling in love with Benedick. She had a very hostile attitude to marriage and love, mocking Hero and Claudios engagement by saying I may sit in a corner and hollo Heigh ho for a husband, however, despite her hard attitude, her vulnerable side is shown when she finds out that Benedick loves her and says Taming my wild heart to my loving handif thou dost love, my kindness shall incite thee.The powerful phrase wild heart emphasises that she has been attribute the love in her for a long time and now it is the perfect opportunity to express it towards Benedick. This is overly humorous because throughout the play, she showed hatred and joke towards Benedick but now she claims that she is in love with him too, solving the line of work of hatred among the two lovers. This reflects Alexander Leggatts view that A comedy, then, is a problem solving story, ending in resol ution and order of magnitude normally symbolised by marriage (English Stage Comedy 1490-1990 (1998).Once they admit their love for each other, it can be foreshadowed that a marriage will take place among Beatrice and Benedick it is a comedy gene that the beginning is troubled, the end tranquil (Euanthius On Drama 4th Century). Not only deceived in love, but Beatrice is a witty, sarcastic and superior character. She seems to spring up pleasure out of mocking Benedick, creating humour because she is subverting her role as a woman they were not usually superior over men, however, Beatrice goes against the norms.Her sarcasm is visualised in But how many hath he killed? for indeed I promised to eat all of his killings here, Beatrice is clearly stating that Benedick is a coward and that he will never be brave enough to be a good soldier. She also mentions that he hath an excellent stomach, mocking his appearance. When confronted by Benedicks vanity, she claims that I had rather he ar my dog bark at a crow than a man swears he loves me.This is humorous because she is making comparisons amidst animals and humans and it is unusual to say that you would prefer an animal barking over someone dedicating their love to you it gives a sense of coldness in her personality and that she is completely closed to love. However, this is ironic because later on in the play, she falls in love with Benedick. In conclusion, most critics concur that Shakespeares depiction of the human relationship between Beatrice and Benedick far surpasses that of Hero and Claudio in depth and interest.Scholars have often emphasized the fact that Shakespeare deliberately introduces the theme of the sparring mockers Beatrice and Benedick out front the theme of the pallid romantics Hero and Claudio and further, that when all of the principal characters are on stage together, the audience is drawn not to the tame love-at-first-sight relationship that develops between Hero and Claudio, but rathe r to the merry war between Beatrice and Benedick which later on in the play converts into a love relationship this creates comedy because the audience is taken through endless wars of insults and mockery until foolishly and involuntarily admitting their love to each other, changing the mood of the relationship through the work of other characters, instead of being lovers from the beginning.

Professional Communication Essay

The reasoning behind ISO 9000 certification in manufacturing is to check uniformity in processes as an assurance of levels of lumber. By creating repairs of shopworns to which the manufacturing process must(prenominal) adhere, only accept subject product is released for shipment or sale. With the development of and later(prenominal) compliance with ISO-9000 standards in judgment, it is critical to construct a realistic and handlingful ISO standard. The cornerstone of this construction is the under(a)take recordation. Just as the ISO standard itself is apply as a forest visualize measure, the hold is a control method for the formulation of the standard itself.Basically, ISO in manufacturing is intended to cover both major areas- people and processes. Without giving personnel the proper training to persuade out the standard, the processes allow for not be reflective of the quality standards brought out by ISO. For these reasons, rents must be carefully developed in a multi-faceted approach. prosecutes are typically most hard-hitting when driven from the managerial/supervisory level from the beginning. In require to this managerial input in the chartering process, way should detail their responsibility in the ISO program.This get out achieve two in truth important things- it testament be a reasonable assurance that the charter reflects the overall initiatives of the organization as envisioned by management and go away show the subsequent lower levels of comp any hierarchy that this is mostthing that management is taking a part in and not merely issuing a mandate without leadership by example. Just as management has to remove a level of responsibility in the charter, the individuals who are involved in more of the hands-on aspects of production need to make a function to the charter.The insight that production personnel will be able to fork over in the creation of a useful charter is vast. These individuals invite seen the scoop a nd worst of the actual manufacturing that goes on daily as such, best practices quite a little be incorporated into the charter from the start. Design control must excessively have a place in the charter document from the outset, of telephone circuit the charter will control to existing product in the national of new product development as an example, designs must fall under the analogous requirements as does a long-standing product. The same would apply to modifications of existing product. history and data control are essential elements of the charter being able to achieve uniformity and quality in the ways that work orders, transit documentation, product specifications and purchase orders are created and processed will aid in the carry through of quality standards beyond the shop floor and into the administrative and clerical areas of the manufacturing facility. Up to this point, the charter has been considered in terms of how it will correspond to things being done correc tly. Just as important is the consideration of what will be done when inevitable errors and problems arise.For these occurrences the proper planning and execution of corrective actions, as well as follow up to assure that the pilot film error does not become a repeat event, feces be incorporated into the charter. In this case, malfunctions are accounted for in addition to best practices. after the charters collaborators, scope and purpose is in place, the launch of the charter comes into play. The document itself begins with a clearly stated purpose which can literally be understood by those of technical and non-technical backgrounds alike.Not only can the words be understood in terms of what they explicitly say, notwithstanding as well easily lend themselves to adaptability on the part of the audience in other words, the words can be processed in the mind of the audience and they can then begin the thought process of on the button what the Charter will ultimately mean to th eir job tasks, and most possible open up a dialogue among the audience members in regard to how they will all collaborate, with the Charter as a framework, for the achievement of quality objectives as required. If looking at nothing else but the intended use and audience of the Charter, the strengths are many.In fairness, however, some weaknesses likewise exist. Audience is possibly the most important consideration in the production of any technical document, and oddly in the case of the ISO Charter, not only because of the fact that this document, by its nature of being a quality control document should set an example for quality and would discredit the ISO process if it was not of the highest quality, but as well because of the fact that the Charter is intended to be use by a huge variety of manufacturers, quite literally around the world.Because of these audience factors, the Charter often is interpreted not only according the particular attention that it will be dictating t o, but also translated into different languages for different nations, and experience levels for example, an automobile manufacturer in France will be using the same base document, in the form of the ISO Charter, as would a paper plodding in Mexico- different industries, different cultures, and possibly even different educational levels and therefore levels of reading comprehension.Because of this, the demographic element of the audience for this particular document deserves additional discussion. The ISO Charter, by necessity and purpose, has to possess a sort of world(a) quality in terms of its intended audience as was previously mentioned, the document will at any given time be used by any given industry in any given part of the world, creating operational and cultural variations that must be taken into account.Further, even within one organization itself, the Charter will have to be flexible in its target audience, which is better understood with a brief description of how an ISO Charter whitethorn be utilized at varying authority levels in the same operation. Initially, the Charter would be reviewed by the upper management, possibly delegated to middle management, and ultimately to the rank and file. This being understood, it is also important to understand that everyone must be able to interpret it and adapt what it teaches for their own uses if it is to achieve the ultimate goals that led to the adaptation of the Charter in the first place.The close relationship between the charter and the subsequent ISO standards that will branch out from it are much like blueprints from which a washed-up product emerges. Because the charter has multi-level participation, precise details of how all areas of the manufacturing facility will be involved in the end goal of quality in line with ISO, and controls in place in the event of errors or problems, the charter possesses the unique ability to literally instill quality in the ISO standard itself.While the viewpo int of some manufacturers is that ISO is best used as an effective means to gain competitive advantage merely by the earth of the ISO logo on finished products, the true intention of correctly used ISO standards- continuous improvement, an assured level of quality, and the means to fix whatever may jeopardize that standard of quality- seems to be more palatable to the majority of manufacturers. This is especially so given the dynamic nature of the competition in some industries. Guided by an efficient charter, the ISO standard can be right formulated and enacted over the long term in pursuit of quality objectives.

Case study of the old family bank Essay

MacroThe major problem presented in this case is that The Grayson Chemical high society is experiencing a decline in earning and sales. The board of directors of the participation has brought in a new-fashioned confederacy chair to help in seconding things slightly for the ships company. The new president now faces the enormous task of returning the company into a growth path and profitability.MicroThere are in like manner micro-problems that emerge in this case that may hinder the new president from solving the macro-problem. One of these micro-problems is an existent polish of conservatism and rigidity in running the activities of company.The new president views this shade as a contest that may hinder him from implementing appropriate strategies for turning the company around. The second micro-problem is existing sharp differences in opinion among the directors of the company. Each is offering different advice to the new president.CausesThe main cause of the problems id entified in the case is lack of tractableness and adoptability by the nerve to new changes (Reeves & Deimler, 2010). It is stated in the case that the company had in the past experience a stable and profitable write before things standing going bad.There is clear picture that the company still continued to rely on strategies that gave it past success patronage times and market conditions having changed. This lack of adaptability has seen the company fail to improve it conflict by embracing new opportunities and addressing new challenges that come with time.System alterThe reliance by the company on old traditional ship canal of doing things has affected almost every aspect of the scheme. It has become part of the organization culture to do things because they have always been done thatway and this culture has affected the entire organization (Organizational Culture, 2010). When a problem arises from the culture of the organization it usually cuts across the entire organization .RecommendationsWhat is needed in order to turn the fortunes of the organization around is a complete change of the existing cultures (Organizational Culture, 2010).. The culture of doing things as have always been done, needs to go and its place taken over by a culture of flexibility, adaptability and innovativeness. This calls for a change of policies and develop of workers.ReferenceAnonymous (2010). Organizational Culture. phratry 8, 2011. Retrieved from http//managementconsultingcourses.com/Lesson35OrganisationalCulture.pdf Reeves M. & Deimler M. (2011). Adaptability The New Competitive Advantage. September 8, 2011. Retrieved from http//hbr.org/2011/07/adaptability-the-new-competitive-advantage/ar/1

Business Plan Essay

The administrator compendium impart mop up with a summary statement, a final kick at the deal sentence or two designed to persuade the readers of your backup intent that your occupation is a winner.While the clientele be afters decision maker summary is the firstly thing the readers of your seam validation stick out see, it should be the last part of the handicraft curriculum you deliver.The purpose of the executive summary of the stage melodic line figure is to provide your readers with an oerview of the wrinkle political program. Think of it as an introduction to your business. Therefore, your business plans executive summary pull up stakes include summaries of a interpretation of your company, including your products and/or services your cathexis statement your businesss management the food securities industry and your customer marketing and gross sales your competition your businesss operations financial projections and plansThe executive summary w ill extirpate with a summary statement, a last kick at the prat sentence or two designed to persuade the readers of your business plan that your business is a winner.How to write an Executive SummaryTo write the executive summary of the business plan, start by following the list above and writing one to three sentences about all(prenominal) topic. (No more)If you let trouble crafting these summary sentences from scratch, review your business plan to get you going. In fact, one approach to writing the executive summary of the business plan is to take a summary sentence or two from each of the business plan sections youve already written. (If you compare the list above to the sections outline in the Business Plan Outline, youll see that this could work very well.) whence finish your business plans executive summary with a clinching closing sentence or two that answers the readers heading Why is this a winning business?For example, a business plans executive summary for a pet-si tting business energy settle The loving on-site professional care that favourite Grandma will provide is sure to appeal to both cat and dog owners end-to-end the West Vancouver area.(You may find it useful to read the entire Pet Grandma executive summary example before you write your own.)Tips for report the Business Plans Executive Summary Focus on providing a summary. The business plan itself will provide the details and whether swear managers or sit downors, the readers of your business plan dont want to pass water their time wasted. Keep your language strong and positive. Dont deprave the executive summary of your business plan with weak language. Instead of writing, Dogstar Industries might be in an excellent position to win g everywherenment contracts, write Dogstar Industries will be in an excellent position The executive summary should be no more than two pages long. Resist the tempation to pad your business plans executive summary with details (or pleas). The job of the executive summary is to present the facts and entice your reader to read the rest of the business plan, not tell him everything. Polish your executive summary. Read it aloud. Does it flow or does it sound choppy? Is it clear and succinct? Once it sounds good to you, ask well-nighone else who knows nothing about your business read it and make suggestions for improvement. veer the executive summary of your business plan to your audience. If the purpose of your business plan is to entice investors, for instance, your executive summary should focus on the opportunity your business provides investors and why the opportunity is special. Put yourself in your readers place and read your executive summary again. Does this executive summary generate interest or fanaticism in the reader? If not, why?Remember, the executive summary of the business plan will be the first thing the readers of the business plan read. If your business plans executive summary is poorly written, it will as well as be the last, as they set the rest of your business plan away unread a description of your company, including your products and/or services Bordeaux vino handicraft is a booze trading company based in Bordeaux, France with a wide network of Bordeaux wine-coloured distribution and export all over the world. Bordeaux Wine is a premium brand with unique pleasing taste. your mission statementThe purpose of our company is to create awareness and append demand, establishing a successful business for the export and distribution of Bordeaux French drink. your businesss management Bordeaux Wine Trading is planning to export and distribute Bordeaux Wine in Brazil. Brazil is one of the emerging economies of the world with great opportunities of business development. the market and your customerIn Brazil, Bordeaux Wine Tradings main(prenominal) focus is upper and aspiring middle naval division of Sao Paulo and Rio De Jinero. marketing and salesBordeaux Wine Trading is loo king to have some local certify distributor for the distribution purpose. your competition your businesss operations financial projections and plansMission Statement The purpose of our organization is to create awareness and increase demand, establishing a successful business for the export and distribution of Bordeaux French wine into Brazil. Corporate position A well established French organisation that successfully distributes and trades Bordeaux wine globally. Objective in Brazil We expect to invest over a three year period, building sales of over 2 million USD per year by our third year of operation, maintaining an medium of 20-25% Gross margin.This is a one page synopsis of your plan, including a description of product, rank market and positioning of product within the target market. bank bill the specific rivalrous advantage(s) of your product and the value it provides to the customer. Include your marketing objectives for the first year and the overall size of the marke ting budget you are requesting. decision maker SUMMARYWe are interested in export and distribution of Bordeaux Wine in Brazil. Brazil is one of the emerging economies of the world with great opportunities of business development. We have found attractive market of Wine users in Brazil. Our target market will be upper and aspiring middle class of Sao Paulo and Rio De Jeniro. Brazil is currently 34m case market, with a per head consumption of 2 liters. Brazilian-produced wine most of it red tends to have sweeter profile than in some other producing nations. In competition with it, we have finest wine from Bordeaux. In Brazil, there is also wine from other wine producing countries like Italy, Chile, Argentina and Portugal.But our competitive advantage is that the Brazilian people have awareness about Bordeaux Wine but not available in market in a frequent manner. In Rio 47% and in Sao Paulo 26% of awareness which is preferably appealing for market entry. Brazils 80% wine market i s captured by Red wine and also White wine market got the growth of 9% between 2003 to 2007 which is still growing. Initially, we will make some wine tasting events with the help of local distributor during festivals especially in Rio Carnival. We will participate in world largest Food and Beverages exhibition, SIAL in 2012, Sao Paulo. We will publish the advertisement in major newspapers and magazines.

Produce a clear understand of the Coca-Cola Company in Australia Essay

This hatch was create verball(a)y to satisfy the pass requirements of food marting in Principles at Sydney Western foreign College. This claim is aims to produce a clear understand of the coca plant- pinhead beau monde in Australia. The analysis of the coca-Coal political party brings an everywhereview of how does the telephoner has achieved its goals, their strategies and future growth. The investigation was also try out to find out how this well populated Coca-Cola products satisfied the customers and how they argon different from other companies upon their merchandising strategies.In order to achieve the objectives literature count was conducted by using websites, books, youngspaper articles and journals. These categories friend to comp atomic number 18 the general selling strategies with the Coca-Cola party strategies. Useful information regards to marketing help us to study the environment of the fraternity.The final outcome of the report was that they have followed a masterful theory on marketing to achieve its goals. Even the company had to breast for the decline stage, the performance of the good management and advertising tools assist the organization to win the market and avoid distractions. The biggest challenge was been the Pepsi company which had a icy increase within a short time and populated in all over the world as Coca-Cola changing the social unit marketing situation and attracting other companies consumers to their product. In conclusion this research was able to stop out current marketing situation, SWOT analysis, Issue Analysis, smart set objectives, Marketing Strategy, Action Programs and Controls of the Coca-Cola company.Strengths in Coca Cola Company (sponsorships)1. In high-minded 1993, FIFA releaseing in co-operation with The Coca-Cola Company introduced a ranking system for football (soccer) men senior national teams. The system sacks it possible to publish comparisons of the relevancy strengths of int ernationally active teams at regular intervals. Since its introduction, the FIFA/Coca-Cola Ranking has proved to be a reliable measure for comparing national A-teams.To ensure that the FIFA/Coca-Cola domain Ranking always reflects the current status, FIFA primarily evaluates matches played in the 12 months prior to the date on which it is issued. Performance over the previous old age is also taken into account, however. Basi cancely, the score obtained from the current 12 months is added to that of the immediately predate seven years with each previous year being devalued continually.The company help for sports it is a charity work2. Healthy eating, physical activitywhat promotes healthy bones in growing children and youth? match to a decade of significant research, a combination of exercise and enough atomic number 20 intake encourages good bone bourgeonment in adolescents and children. To withdraw calcium properly, a child also needs sufficient Vitamin D. some(prenominal) parents wonder if other food and beverage ingredients could influence bone development. Studies on phosphorous and caffeine both used in small amounts in easily drinks have shown they have no significant effect on bone mass. The U.S. National Institutes of Health, as well as other sources, report no appreciable connection between these nutrients and an individuals calcium balance. This position counters a small body of work that has suggested associations between soft drink consumption and bone fractures in teen girls.The company help for childrens activities3. Community worksSociety advances on the strength of familiarity people sharing their ideas and resources to reach common goals. We seek to strengthen local anesthetic communities worldwide through our support for education, through partnerships with other organizations and through acts of citizenship by the people of Coca-Cola.We support education because of its power to flourish opportunities for individuals and increas e apprehensiveness between cultures. We partner with national and international organizations to alleviate economic disfavor and help improve the quality of life in local communities. unneurotic with our local bottling partners, we strengthen communities by giving with our hands and our hearts, as partners in the promise of a better life. (Strength, 2004)Weaknesses in Coca Cola Company.The brat of Coca Cola Company is that as their business too very much vast compare to this their branches all around the world are non enough. (Our company, 2004)Opportunities in Coca Cola CompanyIn regard to opportunities of Coca Cola Company are the western Philippines island of Pal wan, poverty-stricken children at rural schools have been known to look for edible plants to eat during recess.The Philippines variability of The Coca-Cola Company has launched a community initiative called NutriBreak to improve the daily victuals intake of underprivileged children who attend Little Red Schoolhou ses.Under the fodder program, the governments Food and Nutrition Research Institute and ranch State University have partnered to develop a nutritious collation for the schoolchildren.The snack reserves kids with the daily requirement of protein and carbohydrates and is served with our vitamin-fortified Eight Oclock orange juice drink, as a part of the Philippines Divisions Active modus vivendi (AL) program.The Little Red Schoolhouse Project, the flagship program of The Coca-Cola Foundation Philippines, has already construct fifty schoolhouses in the Philippines remote areas. The NutriBreak nutrition program forget at last reach all fifty Little Red SchoolhousesThey try to expand childrens charity works (our company 2003)THE COCA-COLA COMPANY INCREASES ANNUAL DIVIDEND BY 11 PERCENT40th Consecutive Annual IncreaseAtlanta, February 21, 2002 The Coca-Cola Companys Board of Directors to daytime announced it has increased the quarterly dividend from 18 cents to 20 cents per commo n share, equivalent to an annual dividend of 80 cents per share. This increase reflects the Companys significant free cash flow generation.This is the Companys 40th consecutive annual increase of its dividend. The dividend is payable April 1, 2002, to share owners of exhibit as of March 15, 2002.They increased their board of directorsThreats in Coca Cola CompanyThe have scarcely one company to challenge for their products it is Pepsi dumbbell company. But however they have a complete control over it. (Threats, 2004)Action ProgramsAs for as bran- radical products are concerned they are looking for health-conscious consumers should as consumers inaugural look to nutrient-rich foods to obtain their daily nutrition. In this regard their Chef Barr Hogen is working out. (New releases, 2004)Four New Products, Super NutritionThe new Odwalla juice beverages blueberry Smoothie, Protein Tropic ale(tm), Passionate C(tm) and Organic orange tree Juice are available in 1.5 litre (50.8 mobi le oz.) multi-serve recyclable-plastic bottles. blueberry bush Smoothie and Protein Tropic ale(tm) are also offered in a new 11 fluid oz. size bundled into handy 4-packs. Suggested retail price for the multi-serve and 4-packs are $3.99 each, providing an affordable price for such premium juice products. These new products will be stocked in the refrigerated juice case, making it favorable for consumers to find them in the store.Drink It and ThriveAt Odwalla, they chosen a variety of great-tasting and nutritious fruits, as well as other ingredients call super foods for these new juice beverages and Smoothie, are for healthiness and Wellness. As health-conscious consumers should first look to nutrient-rich foods to obtain their daily nutrition. Too often, consumers turn to pills and powders for what they think is an leisurely nutritional fix. Juices, however, are a convenient, flavourful and hydrating form of natural nutrition.Chef Hogens newest product recipes include a line-up o f four delicious tasting products* Odwalla Blueberry Smoothie is a blend of blueberries, blackberries and raspberries have with oranges, apples and bananas to make a dessert and silky Smoothie. The bluesy blueberries boast a blow to free radicals, with a rhapsody of antioxidants and anthocyanins. This deoxycytidine monophosphate% fruit juice blend contains no added sweeteners.* Odwalla Protein Tropic ale is a tantalizing blend of tropical fruit juices and purees such as pineapple, mango and passionfruit, combined with 4 grams of soy protein per serving.* Odwalla Passionate C is a scrumptious sipper of orange, apple, mango, banana, strawberry, and barbados cherry cherry (one of natures highest vitamin C-packed fruits) and passionfruit. Each vibrant 8 fluid oz. serving provides 470% of the Daily Value for vitamin C.* Odwalla Organic Orange Juice, made only from certified 100% organically grown oranges, underscores the companys commitment to sustainable agriculture and natural-reso urces conservation.The Coca-Cola Company objectivesMarketing ObjectivesThe company is dedicated to provide and maintain a safe and healthy piece of work for its employees, suppliers, contractors and customers. As the company is large it is hard to continue to grow at a fast(a) space. The competition is higher than ever before. And the forthcoming competition and challenge for the company in the targeting markets leads them to be more accurate and more efficient. The company has approach for the big challenge with its main against competitor Pepsi. Since the time the company met this new competitor it has to interchange its strategies, directors, distribution methods and promotion system.As consumers are beverage more and more new beverages, coca-cola company plan to improve their products with respectfulness to the prices. The following objectives have been taken into consideration (Coca-ColaCCA, 2003)Market Place* ameliorate the quality of the product and deliver that qualit y without any changes to every market place.* Gain the success of suppliers, distributors and retailers who connected with the coca-cola network.* Provide more jobs, facilities, and marketing in the local market as well as in the orbicular market.* Reduce the price but remain the quality of product or increase the quality of the product.* Innovation in the products they offer, the process they use to make them, the package they develop and ways they bring them to the market will change to a proper way and increase the efficiency,. The delivery system will faster than ever before.Work Place* modify the safety of the work place.* Make it as the most diverse organization on the earth, with keen employees who bring a variety of intellectual, professional, ethnic and cultural perspectives to the company.* Make the policies to harbor an inclusive environment that encourages all employees to develop and perform to their fullest potential.Consumer Needs* Improve the tasty and provide mo re hygienic beverages than today.* Offer a blue-chip price, which satisfied the customer.* Readily available in every time in the market place, especially where in places that the product is well consumed.* Fulfil the consumers expectation in order to satisfy the consumers and win the market place.* growing Drivers, which company targeting on, are-Profitable moolah generation-Cost reduction-Customer proceeds usefulness-Capital Management-The Coca-Cola company relationshipFinancial ObjectivesThe company is now focus on the earning per share. They are expecting to increase the earning per share from 12% to 15%. as well expect to increase the net profit from 10% to 15% and hold back on capital employed growth from 1pt to 1.5pts. The changes of financial performance over the previous years indicate the future growth of the company (Refer Appendix- A and B and C).Current Marketing place? Market SituationThe company has a strong place in the market. The head of the marketing Mr. S ergio Zyman develop the company strategies to promote their product more efficiently than other competitors. From the unit of measurement beverage the Coca-Cola Company has achieved market more than 78%. With its indulgency, the company has the opera hat selling and quality assurance comparing to other beverages.? Service SituationThe company performs a standard delivery service, which runs on time basis. serve are spread into every state including NSW, Victoria, Perth, and Queensland. High quality service guarantees that the company product exists in the market better than before. Marketing executives of the company always capable and available to help for their customers and resellers. The company well conducted with their wholesalers and retailers in order to encourage them and to be with them. Attract to another competitor is miss upon this situation.? Distribution SituationThe company has the best selling images. It reserves more on advertising and its been useful and benef icial to increase their profit and production. Introductions like fast-lane merchandisers are continually increase each period. Agreements with colleges, universities and other universal and private sectors help them to keep their product in one whole market and avoid entering of other competitors. (Schermehorn etal, 2004 p 46)ConclusionFrom all above facts and figure of the company. The strength of the company more than the weakness and as well opportunities with compare to threats it concludes that company has strong swot analysis, which is a positive sign. As for as Current Marketing Situation is concerned with respect to market situation, service situation and distribution situation is much better than its competitors (Pepsi). The company is dedicated to provide and maintain a safe and healthy workplace for its employees, suppliers, contractors and customers the coca cola company also have many campaigns in markets. Financial Objectives the Coca-Cola Company objectives are inc reasing day by day which shows that company will increase its sale ratio annually from 11% of the previous year to 20% in next coming 5 years.Appendix AAppendix BAppendix C recognize FINANCIALS2003200220012000Change in 2000-2003Revenue ($ million)1,882.91,776.81,675.11,558.1+6.5%Volume (million unit cases)301.2285.8275.1263.3+4.6%Revenue per unit of measurement Case ($)6.256.226.095.92+1.8%EBIT ($ million)377.7317.0288.9272.0+11.6%EBIT margin (%)20.117.817.217.5Capex to Revenue (%)5.21.73.54.8Reference ListCoca-ColaCCA, 2003 the CCA World online http//www.coca colacca .com _20020301 .html (Accessed 29-04-04)My company, 2003 The Coca Cola Company online http//www2.coca-cola.com/ourcompany/whatsnew_20030404 .html 24.2KB in 1, Coca 1, Cola 1, Company 1, opportunities in. 25 (Accessed 29-04-04)New releases, 2004 The Coca Cola Company online http//www2cocacolacom/pre sscenter/nr_20030204_odwalla_new_juices.html (Accessed 15-05-04)Our Company, 2004 The Coca Cola Company online http//ww w2.coca-cola.com/ourcompany/whatsnew_20020301 .html 23.5KB in 1, Coca 1, Cola 1, Company 1, weaknesses in. 23 (Accessed 29-04-04)Schermehorn etal, 2004 p46. Marketing Strategies Ed 4 New York (29-04-04)Threats, 2004 The Coca Cola Company online http//www2.coca cola.com /our company/whatsnew_20020301.html 23.5KB in 1, Coca 1, Cola 1, Company 1, weaknesses in. 23(Accessed 05-05-04)